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In both of these areas, salmon was of chief importance. There are similar problems in Israel for people of different denominations of other religions as well. A bad date will lead to workplace awkwardness, at the very least.\
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The Commission issued its final report in November 1996. A reaction to alleged abuses of indigenous by the current federal government, the movement takes particular issue with the recent Bill C-45. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: elements to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. During the winter, to keep frozen meat safe from animals such as the wolverine, some First First nations dating site of the Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins stored their food high in a tree with its trunk social of bark. The Justice System and Aboriginal People The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission. Protection as colossal failure Historically, First Nations created burial grounds as part of their continuous occupation of the land. Additionally, there are shared characteristics among these cases, most of the murders were north by men and were someone the victim knew, either a partner or an acquaintance. There is evidence that violence while dating isn't limited to any one culture or group or religion, but that it remains an issue in different countries.

Patriarchy in Korea has been grounded on Confucian culture that postulated hierarchical social orders according to age and sex. First Nations are not defined as a under the Act or by the criteria of. One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice-free corridor on the east side of the , and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America.\
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For Canadian-born people in general, see. Indigenous peoples in Canada, also known as Aboriginal Canadians, are the within the boundaries of present-day. They comprise the , and. Indigenous peoples of Canada Peuples autochtones du Canada Total population 1,673,780 Languages , and Religion mainly and , , , Related ethnic groups , , and are some of the earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. The , and cultures pre-date current. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal culture included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies and trading networks. The Métis culture of originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit people married Europeans. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various , , and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. As of the , Aboriginal peoples in Canada totalled 1,673,785 people, or 4. There are over 600 recognized or with distinctive cultures, languages, art, and music. First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Aboriginal community and help to shape the. Aboriginal peoples is a legal term encompassing all indigenous Canadian groups. Aboriginal peoples is beginning to be considered outdated and slowly being replaced by the term Indigenous peoples. However, on , First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnical identity. No other term is legally recognized for the purpose of registration and the term Indian specifically excludes reference to Inuit as per section 4 of the Indian Act R. Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the. Its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive. An Aboriginal community in The term Eskimo has connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit. The of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and agree they are a distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. The are linguistically distinct from the. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people across the geographical area inhabited by the Inuit and Yupik peoples. Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are often divided into legal categories based on their relationship with i. The government inherited treaty obligations from the British colonial authorities in Eastern Canada and signed treaties itself with First Nations in Western Canada the. It also passed the in 1876 which governed its interactions with all treaty and non-treaty peoples. Members of First Nations bands that are subject to the Indian Act with the Crown are compiled on a list called the , and such people are called Status Indians. Many non-treaty First Nations and all Inuit and Métis peoples are not subject to the Indian Act. The first was in 1939 covering the Inuit, the second being in 2013 which applies to Métis and non-Status First Nations. Maps depicting each phase of a three-step for the peopling of the Americas According to and , were the last continents in the world with. During the , 50,000—17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the that joined to north west North America Alaska. Alaska was because of , allowing a to exist. The covered most of Canada, blocking inhabitants and confining them to Alaska East for thousands of years. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10,000—20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the , allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. The arrived in Canada at least 14,000 years ago. It is believed the inhabitants entered the Americas pursuing mammals such as the , , , , and ancient reindeer early caribou. One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice-free corridor on the east side of the , and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America. The other conjectured route is that they migrated, either on foot or using , down the to the tip of South America, and then crossed the Rockies and. Evidence of the latter has been covered by a of hundreds of metres following the last ice age. The and basin was one of the areas in Canada untouched by glaciations during the , thus it served as a pathway and refuge for ice age plants and animals. The area holds evidence of early human habitation in Canada dating from about 12,000. Fossils from the area include some never accounted for in North America, such as and large. Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in , Canada from which a specimen of apparently human-worked mammoth bone has been radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago. A created using that is, each face is flaked on both edges alternatively with a percussor Clovis sites dated at 13,500 years ago were discovered in western North America during the 1930s. Archaeological discoveries in the past thirty years have brought forward other distinctive cultures who occupied the Americas from the lower to the shores of. Localized regional cultures developed from the time of the cold climate period from 12,900 to 11,500 years ago. The are characterized by their use of as projectile tips at archaeological sites. These tools assisted activities at kill sites that marked the slaughter and butchering of bison. The land bridge existed until 13,000—11,000 years ago, long after the oldest proven human settlements in the New World began. Lower sea levels in the and produced great grass lands called archipelago of Haida Gwaii. In July 1992, the Federal Government officially designated near Mission, British Columbia as a , one of the first Indigenous spiritual sites in Canada to be formally recognized in this manner. The was a group of hunter-gatherer communities that occupied the Great Plains area of North America between 12,000—10,000 years ago. The Paleo-Indians moved into new territory as it emerged from under the glaciers. Big game flourished in this new environment. The Plano culture are characterized by a range of projectile point tools collectively called , which were used to hunt. Their diets also included , , , and. At the beginning of the , they began to adopt a approach to subsistence. Sites in and around have evidence of Plano-Indians, indicating small seasonal hunting camps, perhaps re-visited over generations from around 11,000—10,000 years ago. Seasonal large and smaller game fish and fowl were food and raw material sources. Adaptation to the harsh environment included tailored clothing and skin-covered tents on wooden frames. See also: The North American climate stabilized by 8000 10,000 years ago ; climatic conditions were very similar to today's. This led to widespread migration, and later a dramatic rise in population all over the Americas. Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50 — 60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. Distribution of shown in red The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, , and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions. Language contributes to the identity of a people by influencing social life ways and spiritual practices. Aboriginal religions developed from and philosophies. The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status. There is a continuous record of occupation of by Aboriginal people dating from the early period, 10,000—9,000 years ago. Archaeological sites at , , and region uncovered early period artifacts. These early inhabitants were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, consisting of about 20 to 50 members of an extended family. They were the earliest ancestors of the -speaking peoples, including the and. They had villages with large multi-family dwellings, used seasonally during the summer, from which they hunted, fished and gathered food supplies for the winter. The peoples settled into along the around 8,000—7,000 BCE 10,000—9,000 years ago. They were concentrated between and. Wendat hunted caribou to survive on the glacier-covered land. Many different First Nations cultures relied upon the buffalo starting by 6,000—5,000 BCE 8,000—7,000 years ago. They hunted buffalo by herding migrating buffalo off cliffs. The of began whaling with advanced long spears at about this time. The is one group of North America's culture of sea-mammal hunters in the. They prospered from approximately 7,000 BCE—1,500 BCE 9,000—3,500 years ago along the of North America. Their settlements included and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white , a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine. The culture, whose members were called , is indigenous to the and regions of North America. The culture flourished between 3,000 BCE—1,000 BCE 5,000—3,000 years ago and was named after their burial ceremonies, which used large quantities of red to cover bodies and grave goods. The is a broad cultural entity that developed along the , around , and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2,500 BCE 4,500 years ago. These peoples had a highly distinctive toolkit of small blades that were pointed at both ends and used as side- or end-barbs on or spears made of other materials, such as bone or. The Arctic small tool tradition branches off into two cultural variants, including the Pre-Dorset, and the. These two groups, ancestors of , were displaced by the Inuit by 1000 CE. Evidence found in the northern regions indicates that they extracted copper from local glacial deposits and used it in its natural form to manufacture tools and implements. The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2,000 BCE—1,000 CE, and has locales in Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime regions. The introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the earlier Archaic stage inhabitants. They created pointed-bottom beakers decorated by a cord marking technique that involved impressing tooth implements into wet clay. Woodland technology included items such as beaver incisor knives, bangles, and chisels. The population practising sedentary agricultural life ways continued to increase on a diet of squash, corn, and bean crops. The Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE—500 CE. At its greatest extent, the networked cultures and societies with the peoples on the Canadian shores of. Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the , , and. First Nations Chief George from the village of with his daughter in traditional , c. Communities developed each with its own culture, customs, and character. In the northwest were the , , , , and. Along the Pacific coast were the ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and. In the plains were the ; ; and. In the northern woodlands were the and. Around the Great Lakes were the ; ; and. Along the Atlantic coast were the , , , and. Many Aboriginal civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks that included permanent urban settlements or cities, agriculture, civic and , and. These cultures had evolved and changed by the time of the first permanent European arrivals c. There are indications of contact made before between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the. Throughout the 16th century, European fleets made almost annual visits to the eastern shores of Canada to cultivate the fishing opportunities. A sideline industry emerged in the un-organized overseen by the. Prominent First Nations people include Joe Capilano, who met with King of the United Kingdom, , to speak of the need to settle and , a leader at both the constitutional reform discussions and. Inuit Main article: The Inuit are the descendants of what call the Thule culture, which emerged from western Alaska around 1,000 CE and spread eastward across the , displacing the in , the Tuniit. Researchers hypothesize that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies used by the expanding Inuit society. By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west , and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century. The Inuit had trade routes with more southern cultures. Boundary disputes were common and led to aggressive actions. Inuit, such as the who inhabited the delta area, often engaged in common warfare. The Central Arctic Inuit lacked the population density to engage in warfare. In the 13th century, the Thule culture began arriving in Greenland from what is now Canada. Norse accounts are scant. Norse-made items from Inuit campsites in Greenland were obtained by either trade or plunder. After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. By the mid-16th century, fishers were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land, such as been excavated at. The Inuit appear not to have interfered with their operations, but they did raid the stations in winter for tools, and particularly worked iron, which they adapted to native needs. Notable among the Inuit are and family who became a exhibit in , Germany, and , a traditional. Their history dates to the mid-17th century. When Europeans first arrived to Canada they relied on Aboriginal peoples for fur trading skills and survival. To ensure alliances, relationships between European fur traders and Aboriginal women were often consolidated through marriage. The Métis homeland consists of the of , Alberta, , Manitoba, , New Brunswick, , and , as well as the NWT. Amongst notable Métis people are singer and actor , , and who led two resistance movements: the of 1869—1870 and the of 1885, which ended in his. The languages inherently Métis are either or a mixed language called. Michif, Mechif or Métchif is a of Métif, a variant of Métis. The Métis today predominantly speak , with a strong second language, as well as numerous. A 19th-century community of the Métis people, the , were referred to as Countryborn. They were children of fur trade typically of , Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent. Their first languages would have been Aboriginal , , , etc. Unlike First Nations people, there has been no distinction between and non-status Métis; the Métis, their heritage and Aboriginal ancestry have often been absorbed and assimilated into their surrounding populations. These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a series of initiatives that aimed at complete assimilation and subjugation of the Aboriginal peoples. These policies, which were made possible by legislation such as the and the , focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education. Christianization as government policy became more systematic with the Indian Act in 1876, which would bring new sanctions for those who did not convert to Christianity. For example, the new laws would prevent non-Christian Aboriginal people from testifying or having their cases heard in court and ban alcohol consumption. Another focus of the Canadian government was to make the Aboriginal groups of Canada sedentary, as they thought that this would make them easier to assimilate. In the 19th century, the government began to support the creation of model farming villages, which were meant to encourage non-sedentary Aboriginal groups to settle in an area and begin to cultivate agriculture. When most of these model farming villages failed, the government turned instead to the creation of with the Indian Act of 1876. With the creation of these reserves came many restricting laws, such as further bans on all intoxicants, restrictions on eligibility to vote in band elections, decreased hunting and fishing areas, and inability for status Indians to visit other groups on their reservations. Through the in 1857, the government would encourage Indians i. However, they were often still defined as non-citizens by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment. While the schools were said to educate, they were plagued by under-funding, disease, and abuse. Because of laws and policies that encouraged or required Indigenous peoples to into a society, Canada violated the United Nations that Canada signed in 1949 and passed through Parliament in 1952. The residential school system that removed Aboriginal children from their homes has led scholars to believe that Canada can be tried in for. In 2008 Prime Minister issued an apology on behalf of the Canadian government and its citizens for the residential school system. The Indian Chiefs Medal, presented to commemorate , , , and , bearing the image of began during the European colonialization period. Aboriginal peoples construe these agreements as being between them and the through the , and not the. The interprets the in New Zealand similarly. A series of eleven were signed between First Nations in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. The created the policy, commissioned the Treaty Commissioners and ratified the agreements. These Treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by and overseen by the. The Indian Act is federal legislation that dates from 1876. There have been over 20 major changes made to the original Act since then, the last time being in 1951; amended in 1985 with Bill C-31. Because of a Constitutional requirement, the Bill took effect on April 17, 1985. Those people accepted into band membership under band rules may not be status Indians. C-31 clarified that various sections of the Indian Act would apply to band members. The sections under debate concern community life and land holdings. Sections pertaining to Indians First Nations peoples as individuals in this case, wills and taxation of personal property were not included. Main article: The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a undertaken by the Government of Canada in 1991 to address issues of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. It assessed past government policies toward Aboriginal people, such as , and provided policy recommendations to the government. The Commission issued its final report in November 1996. The five-volume, 4,000-page report covered a vast range of issues; its 440 recommendations called for sweeping changes to the interaction between Aboriginal, non-Aboriginal people and the governments in Canada. This policy recognizes that First Nations and Inuit have the constitutional right to shape their own forms of government to suit their particular historical, cultural, political and economic circumstances. The provided a framework for the assumption of control of health services by Aboriginal peoples, and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on self-determination in health. Through this process, the decision to enter transfer discussions with rests with each community. Once involved in transfer, communities can take control of health programme responsibilities at a pace determined by their individual circumstances and health management capabilities. The NAHO incorporated in 2000, is an Aboriginal-designed and-controlled not-for-profit body in Canada that works to influence and advance the health and well-being of Aboriginal Peoples. Political organization Further information: First Nations and Inuit organizations ranged in size from of a few people to multi-nation confederacies like the Iroquois. First Nations leaders from across the country formed the , which began as the National Indian Brotherhood in 1968. The Métis and the Inuit are represented nationally by the and respectively. Today's political organizations have resulted from interaction with European-style methods of government through the. Aboriginal political organizations throughout Canada vary in political standing, viewpoints, and reasons for forming. First Nations, Métis and Inuit negotiate with the through in all affairs concerning land, entitlement, and rights. The First Nation groups that operate independently do not belong to these groups. The , , the , , , and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. Some of the words include the , , , , , , and. Aboriginal cultural areas depend upon their ancestors' primary , or occupation, at the time of European contact. These culture areas correspond closely with. The were centred around ocean and river fishing; in the interior of British Columbia, hunter-gatherer and river fishing. In both of these areas the salmon was of chief importance. For the people of the plains, bison hunting was the primary activity. In the , other species such as the were more important. For peoples near the Great Lakes and , was practised, including the raising of maize, , and. While for the Inuit, hunting was the primary source of food with the primary component of their diet. The , fish, other and to a lesser extent plants, berries and seaweed are part of the. One of the most noticeable symbols of , the is the emblem of the. Inuksuit are rock sculptures made by stacking stones; in the shape of a human figure, they are called inunnguaq. Some reserves are within cities, such as the Opawikoscikan Reserve in , in or in the. There are more than there are First Nations, which were ceded multiple reserves by treaty. Aboriginal people currently work in a variety of occupations and may live outside their ancestral homes. The traditional cultures of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still exert a strong influence on them, from spirituality to political attitudes. National Aboriginal Day is a day of recognition of the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year, by then , to be celebrated on June 21 annually. Most provincial jurisdictions do not recognize it as a. See also: There are 13 , 11 oral and 2 , in Canada, made up of more than 65 distinct dialects. Of these, only , and have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Two of Canada's territories give official status to native languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government. In the NWT, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: , Cree, English, French, , Inuinnaqtun, , , , and. Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with the government in them. Visual art A young girl wearing a traditional Indigenous peoples were producing art for thousands of years before the arrival of European and the eventual establishment of Canada as a. Like the peoples who produced them, indigenous art traditions spanned territories across North America. Indigenous art traditions are organized by art historians according to cultural, linguistic or regional groups: Northwest Coast, , , , Subarctic, and Arctic. Art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. Indigenous art with a focus on portability and the body is distinguished from European traditions and its focus on architecture. Indigenous visual art may be used conjunction with other arts. Artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads. The distinct Métis cultures that have arisen from inter-cultural relationships with Europeans contribute culturally hybrid art forms. During the 19th and the first half of the 20th century the Canadian government pursued an active policy of and toward indigenous peoples. The Indian Act banned manifestations of the , the , and works of art depicting them. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that indigenous artists such as , and began to publicly renew and re-invent indigenous art traditions. Currently there are indigenous artists practising in all media in Canada and two indigenous artists, Edward Poitras and , have represented Canada at the in 1995 and 2005 respectively. Dancer at Drum Dance Festival, , The Aboriginal peoples of Canada encompass diverse ethnic groups with their individual musical traditions. Music is usually social public or ceremonial private. Public, social music may be accompanied by and drums. Private, ceremonial music includes vocal songs with accompaniment on percussion, used to mark occasions like Midewivin ceremonies and Sun Dances. Traditionally, Aboriginal peoples used the materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada. First Nations people made and animal into rattles, which were elaborately carved and brightly painted. In woodland areas, they made horns of and of carved antlers and wood. Traditional percussion instruments such as drums were generally made of carved wood and animal. These provide the background for songs, and songs the background for dances. Traditional First Nations people consider song and dance to be sacred. For years after Europeans came to Canada, First Nations people were forbidden to practice their ceremonies. People who self-identify as having Aboriginal ancestors are the in large areas of Canada. Areas coloured in brown have a North American Indian plurality, areas in have an Inuit plurality. There are three , and distinctive groups of North America indigenous peoples recognized in the Canadian , and 35. Under the , Aboriginal people are a designated group along with women, visible minorities, and persons with disabilities. They are not a under the Employment Equity Act and in the view of. The enumerated 1,673,780 Aboriginal people in Canada, 4. This total includes 977,230 First Nations people, 587,545 Métis, and 65,025 Inuit. National representative bodies of Aboriginal people in Canada include the Assembly of First Nations, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Métis National Council, the , the National Association of and the. In the 20th century the Aboriginal population of Canada increased tenfold. Between 1900 and 1950 the population grew by 29%. After the 1960s the level on reserves dropped dramatically and the population grew by 161%. Since the 1980s the number of First Nations babies more than doubled and currently almost half of the First Nations population is under the age of 25. Indigenous people assert that their are valid, and point to the , which is mentioned in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, Section 25, the and the to which Canada is a signatory in support of this claim. The urban Indigenous population is the fastest-growing population segment in Canada. City Urban Indigenous Population Percent of Population Halifax 5,320 Statistics Canada, 2006 1. Canadian Journal of Communication. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Retrieved September 18, 2009. Archived from on September 28, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2009. University of Ottawa Press. 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Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken March 13, 2012, at the. Public Library of Science. Robertson, 2003, Geological Survey of Canada Open File, 1574. Thirty-two digital maps at 1:7 000 000 scale with accompanying digital chronological database and one poster two sheets with full map series. University of California-San Diego. Retrieved April 15, 2010. Fagan; Nadia Durrani 2016. A Geologic Time Scale. Gowin Institute for Quaternary Research. Cambridge University Press, UK: Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University. Retrieved October 6, 2009. Old Crow's official Website. Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation. Retrieved September 18, 2009. Archived from on August 23, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007. In Bonnichsen, Robson; Turnmire, Karen. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. University of New Mexico Press. Géographie physique et Quaternaire. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Archived from on July 13, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009. Short Hills NJ: Enslow Publishers. Retrieved October 18, 2009. Foreign Agricultural Service 1962. United States: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory. Calgary, AB: Detselig Enterprises Ltd. You Are Asked to Witness: The Stó:lō in Canada's Pacific Coast History. Chilliwack, BC: Stó:lō Heritage Trust. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Interior dictionary: The dialects spoken by Tlingit elders of Carcross and , and. Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Native Language Centre. I Have Lived Here Since The World Began: An Illustrated 's Native People. Toronto, ON: Lester Publishing. Tuck-The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery. Archived from on May 10, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2009. The excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetery in Newfoundland. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies 17. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research. Retrieved October 18, 2009. Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent 4 ed. Ancient Copper Mines of Isle Royale,. The University of Calgary The Applied History Research Group. Archived from on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009. Images of the Past, 5th edition. The Native Canadian Anthology. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2009. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved October 18, 2009. A Social History of Canada. University of California Press; 1 edition. Archived from on September 29, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2009. Vancouver: University Of British Columbia Press. Archived from on November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009. 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